Skip to content
HN On Hacker News ↗

Glacial lake outburst flood hazard under current and future conditions: worst-case scenarios in a transboundary Himalayan basin

▲ 276 points 210 comments by totetsu 2w ago HN discussion ↗

Pangram verdict · v3.3

We believe that this entire text is human-written.

0 %

AI likelihood · overall

Human
100% human-written 0% AI-generated
SEGMENTS · HUMAN 1 of 1
SEGMENTS · AI 0 of 1
WORD COUNT 1,429
PEAK AI % 0% · §1
Analyzed
Aug 26
backend: pangram/v3.3
Segments scanned
1 windows
avg 1429 words each
Distribution
100 / 0%
human / AI fraction
Verdict
Human
Pangram v3.3

Article text · 1,429 words · 1 segments analyzed

Human AI-generated
§1 Human · 0%

Allen, S. K., Linsbauer, A., Randhawa, S. S., Huggel, C., Rana, P., and Kumari, A.: Glacial lake outburst flood risk in Himachal Pradesh, India: an integrative and anticipatory approach considering current and future threats, Natural Hazards, 84, 1741–1763, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2511-x, 2016. Allen, S. K., Zhang, G., Wang, W., Yao, T., and Bolch, T.: Potentially dangerous glacial lakes across the Tibetan Plateau revealed using a large-scale automated assessment approach, Sci. Bull., 64, 435–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2019.03.011, 2019. Allen, S. K., Frey, H., Haeberli, W., Huggel, C., Chiarle, M., and Geertsema, M.: Assessment Principles for Glacier and Permafrost Hazards in Mountain Regions, Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Natural Hazard Science, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.356, 2022. Benn, D. I., Bolch, T., Hands, K., Gulley, J., Luckman, A., Nicholson, L. I., Quincey, D., Thompson, S., Toumi, R., and Wiseman, S.: Response of debris-covered glaciers in the Mount Everest region to recent warming, and implications for outburst flood hazards, Earth Sci. Rev., 114, 156–174, 2012. Bhardwaj, A. and Sam, L.: Reconstruction and Characterisation of Past and the Most Recent Slope Failure Events at the 2021 Rock-Ice Avalanche Site in Chamoli, Indian Himalaya, Remote Sens.-Basel, 14, 949, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040949, 2022. Bhattacharya A., Bolch T., Mukherjee K., King O., Menounos B., Kapitsa V., Neckel N., Yang W., and Yao T.: High Mountain Asian glacier response to climate revealed by multi-temporal satellite observations since the 1960s, Nat. Commun., 12, 4133, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24180-y, 2021. Bolch, T., Shea, J. M., Liu, S., Azam, F. M., Gao, Y., Gruber, S., Immerzeel, W. W., Kulkarni, A., Li, H., Tahir, A. A., Zhang, G., and Zhang, Y.: Status and Change of the Cryosphere in the Extended Hindu Kush Himalaya Region, in: The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment, edited by: Wester, P., Mishra, A., Mukherji, A., and Shrestha, A Springer International Publishing, Cham, 209–255, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_7, 2019. Bolch T., Yao T., Bhattacharya A., Hu Y., King O., Liu L., Pronk J. B., Rastner P., and Zhang G.: Earth Observation to Investigate Occurrence, Characteristics and Changes of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Rock Glaciers in the Poiqu River Basin (Central Himalaya). Remote Sensing, 14(8):1927, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081927, 2022. Carlà, T., Intrieri, E., Raspini, F., Bardi, F., Farina, P., Ferretti, A., Colombo, D., Novali, F., and Casagli, N.:Perspectives on the prediction of catastrophic slope failures from satellite InSAR, Sci. Rep.-UK, 9, 14137, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50792-y, 2019. Carrivick, J. L. and Tweed, F. S.: A global assessment of the societal impacts of glacier outburst floods, Global Planet. Change, 144, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.07.001, 2016. Chen, F., Zhang, M., Guo, H., Allen, S., Kargel, J. S., Haritashya, U. K., and Watson, C. S.: Annual 30 m dataset for glacial lakes in High Mountain Asia from 2008 to 2017, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 741–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-741-2021, 2021. Chen, N. S., Hu, G. Sh., Deng, W., Khanal, N., Zhu, Y. H., and Han, D.: On the water hazards in the trans-boundary Kosi River basin, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 795–808, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-795-2013, 2013. Clague, J. J. and Evans, S. G.: A review of catastrophic drainage of moraine-dammed lakes in British Columbia, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 1763–1783, 2000. Cook, K. L., Andermann, C., Gimbert, F., Adhikari, B. R., and Hovius, N.: Glacial lake outburst floods as drivers of fluvial erosion in the Himalaya, Science, 362, 53–57, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4981, 2018. Cook, S. J. and Quincey, D. J.: Estimating the volume of Alpine glacial lakes, Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 559–575, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-559-2015, 2015. Emmer, A. and Cochachin, A.: The causes and mechanisms of moraine-dammed lake failures in the Cordillera Blanca, North American Cordillera, and Himalayas, AUC Geographica, 48, 5–15, 2013. Emmer, A., Harrison, S., Mergili, M., Allen, S., Frey, H., and Huggel, C.: 70 years of lake evolution and glacial lake outburst floods in the Cordillera Blanca (Peru) and implications for the future, Geomorphology, 365, 107178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107178, 2020. Farinotti, D., Huss, M., Fürst, J. J., Landmann, J., Machguth, H., Maussion, F., and Pandit, A.: A consensus estimate for the ice thickness distribution of all glaciers on Earth, Nat. Geosci., 12, 168–173, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0300-3, 2019a. Farinotti, D., Round, V., Huss, M., Compagno, L., and Zekollari, H.: Large hydropower and water-storage potential in future glacier-free basins, Nature, 575, 341–344, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1740-z, 2019b. Frey, H., Haeberli, W., Linsbauer, A., Huggel, C., and Paul, F.: A multi-level strategy for anticipating future glacier lake formation and associated hazard potentials, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 339–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-339-2010, 2010. Frey, H., Huggel, C., Chisolm, R. E., Baer, P., McArdell, B. W., Cochachin, A., and Portocarrero, C.: Multi-source glacial lake outburst flood hazard assessment and mapping for Huaraz, Cordillera Blanca, Peru, Front. Earth Sci., 6, 210, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00210, 2018. Fujita, K., Sakai, A., Takenaka, S., Nuimura, T., Surazakov, A. B., Sawagaki, T., and Yamanokuchi, T.: Potential flood volume of Himalayan glacial lakes, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1827–1839, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1827-2013, 2013. Furian, W., Loibl, D., and Schneider, C.: Future glacial lakes in High Mountain Asia: an inventory and assessment of hazard potential from surrounding slopes, J. Glaciol., 67 (264), 653–670, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.18, 2021. GAPHAZ: Assessment of Glacier and Permafrost Hazards in Mountain Regions: Technical Guidance Document, prepared by: Allen, S., Frey, H., and Huggel, C., Standing Group on Glacier and Permafrost Hazards in Mountains (GAPHAZ) of the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) and the International Permafrost Association (IPA), Zurich, Switzerland/Lima, Peru, 72 pp., 2017. Gardelle, J., Arnaud, Y., and Berthier, E.: Contrasted evolution of glacial lakes along the Hindu Kush Himalaya mountain range between 1990 and 2009, Global Planet. Change, 75, 47–55, 2011. Haeberli, W., Buetler, M., Huggel, C., Lehmann Friedli, T., Schaub, Y., and Schleiss, A. J.: New lakes in deglaciating high-mountain regions – opportunities and risks, Climatic Change, 139, 201–214, 2016. Haeberli, W., Schaub, Y., and Huggel, C.: Increasing risks related to landslides from degrading permafrost into new lakes in de-glaciating mountain ranges, Geomorphology, 293, 405–417, 2017. Haritashya, U. K., Kargel, J. S., Shugar, D. H., Leonard, G. J., Strattman, K., Watson, C. S., Shean, D., Harrison, S., Mandli, K. T., and Regmi, D.: Evolution and controls of large glacial lakes in the Nepal Himalaya, Remote Sens.-Basel, 10, 1–31, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10050798, 2018. Hock, R., Rasul, G., Adler, C., Cáceres, B., Gruber, S., Hirabayashi, Y., Jackson, M., Kääb, A., Kang, S., Kutuzov, S., Milner, A., Molau, U., Morin, S., Orlove, B., and Steltzer, H.: High Mountain Areas, in: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., and Weyer, N. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 131–202, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.004, 2019. Huggel, C., Haeberli, W., Kääb, A., Bieri, D., and Richardson, S.: An assessment procedure for glacial hazards in the Swiss Alps, Can. Geotech. J., 41, 1068–1083, 2004. Huggel, C., Cochachin, A., Drenkhan, F., Fluixá-Sanmartín, J., Frey, H., García Hernández, J., Jurt, C., Muñoz, R., Price, K., and Vicuña, L.: Glacier Lake 513, Peru: lessons for early warning service development, WMO Bulletin, 69, 45–52, 2020. Kääb, A., Jacquemart, M., Gilbert, A., Leinss, S., Girod, L., Huggel, C., Falaschi, D., Ugalde, F., Petrakov, D., Chernomorets, S., Dokukin, M., Paul, F., Gascoin, S., Berthier, E., and Kargel, J. S.: Sudden large-volume detachments of low-angle mountain glaciers – more frequent than thought?, The Cryosphere, 15, 1751–1785, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1751-2021, 2021. Kargel, J. S., Leonard, G. J., Shugar, D. H., Haritashya, U. K., Bevington, A., Fielding, E. J., Fujita, K., Geertsema, M., Miles, E. S., Steiner, J., Anderson, E., Bajracharya, S., Bawden, G. W., Breashears, D. F., Byers, A., Collins, B., Dhital, M. R., Donnellan, A., Evans, T. L., Geai, M. L., Glasscoe, M. T., Green, D., Gurung, D. R., Heijenk, R., Hilborn, A., Hudnut, K., Huyck, C., Immerzeel, W. W., Liming, J., Jibson, R., Kääb, A., Khanal, N. R., Kirschbaum, D., Kraaijenbrink, P. D., Lamsal, D., Shiyin, L., Mingyang, L., McKinney, D., Nahirnick, N. K., Zhuotong, N., Ojha, S., Olsenholler, J., Painter, T. H., Pleasants, M., Pratima, K. C., Yuan, Q. I., Raup, B. H., Regmi, D., Rounce, D. R., Sakai, A., Donghui, S., Shea, J. M., Shrestha, A. B., Shukla, A., Stumm, D., van der Kooij, M., Voss, K., Xin, W., Weihs, B., Wolfe, D., Lizong, W., Xiaojun, Y., Yoder, M. R., and Young, N.: Geomorphic and geologic controls of geohazards induced by Nepal's 2015 Gorkha earthquake, Science, 351, 6269, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac8353, 2016. Khanal, N. R., Mool, P. K., Shrestha, A. B., Rasul, G., Ghimire, P. K., Shrestha, R. B., and Joshi, S. P.: A comprehensive approach and methods for glacial lake outburst flood risk assessment, with examples from Nepal and the transboundary area, Int. J. Water. Resour. D., 31, 219–237, 2015a. Khanal, N. R., Hu, J.-M., and Mool, P.: